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6.6.6 |100px 7.7.7 |100px ∞.∞.∞ |- |colspan=4|''Regular tilings'' of the sphere , Euclidean plane, and hyperbolic plane using regular pentagonal, hexagonal and heptagonal and apeirogonal faces. |- align=center |100px t 10.10.3 |100px t 12.12.3 |100px t 14.14.3 |100px t ∞.∞.3 |- |colspan=4|Truncated tilings have 2p.2p.q vertex figures from regular |- align=center |100px r 3.5.3.5 |100px r 3.6.3.6 |100px r 3.7.3.7 |100px r 3.∞.3.∞ |- |colspan=4|''Quasiregular tilings'' are similar to regular tilings but alternate two types of regular polygon around each vertex. |- align=center |100px rr 3.4.5.4 |100px rr 3.4.6.4 |100px rr 3.4.7.4 |100px rr 3.4.∞.4 |- |colspan=4|''Semiregular tilings'' have more than one type of regular polygon. |- align=center |100px tr 4.6.10 |100px tr 4.6.12 |100px tr 4.6.14 |100px tr 4.6.∞ |- |colspan=4|''Omnitruncated tilings'' have three or more even-sided regular polygons. |} In hyperbolic geometry, a uniform (regular, quasiregular or semiregular) hyperbolic tiling is an edge-to-edge filling of the hyperbolic plane which has regular polygons as faces and is vertex-transitive (transitive on its vertices, isogonal, i.e. there is an isometry mapping any vertex onto any other). It follows that all vertices are congruent, and the tiling has a high degree of rotational and translational symmetry. Uniform tilings can be identified by their vertex configuration, a sequence of numbers representing the number of sides of the polygons around each vertex. For example 7.7.7 represents the heptagonal tiling which has 3 heptagons around each vertex. It is also regular since all the polygons are the same size, so it can also be given the Schläfli symbol . Uniform tilings may be regular (if also face- and edge-transitive), quasi-regular (if edge-transitive but not face-transitive) or semi-regular (if neither edge- nor face-transitive). For right triangles (p q 2), there are two regular tilings, represented by Schläfli symbol and . == Wythoff construction == There are an infinite number of uniform tilings based on the Schwarz triangles (''p'' ''q'' ''r'') where 1/''p'' + 1/''q'' + 1/''r'' < 1, where ''p,q,r'' are each orders of reflection symmetry at three points of the fundamental domain triangle – the symmetry group is a hyperbolic triangle group. Each symmetry family contains 7 uniform tilings, defined by a Wythoff symbol or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, 7 representing combinations of 3 active mirrors. An 8th represents an alternation operation, deleting alternate vertices from the highest form with all mirrors active. Families with r=2 contain regular hyperbolic tilings, defined by a Coxeter group such as (), (), (), ... (), (), .... Hyperbolic families with r=3 or higher are given by (p q r) and include (4 3 3), (5 3 3), (6 3 3) ... (4 4 3), (5 4 3), ... (4 4 4).... Hyperbolic triangles (p q r) define compact uniform hyperbolic tilings. In the limit any of p,q or r can be replaced by ∞ which defines a paracompact hyperbolic triangle and creates uniform tilings with either infinite faces (called apeirogons) that converge to a single ideal point, or infinite vertex figure with infinitely many edges diverging from the same ideal point. More symmetry families can be constructed from fundamental domains that are not triangles. Selected families of uniform tilings are shown below (using the Poincaré disk model for the hyperbolic plane). Three of them – (7 3 2), (5 4 2), and (4 3 3) – and no others, are ''minimal'' in the sense that if any of their defining numbers is replaced by a smaller integer the resulting pattern is either Euclidean or spherical rather than hyperbolic; conversely, any of the numbers can be increased (even to infinity) to generate other hyperbolic patterns. Each uniform tiling generates a dual uniform tiling, with many of them also given below. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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